INTRODUCTION

Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine its government. Various methodology are being applied from the ancient times to present context for voting process. EVM is one of the effective method for voting system.

Nowadays, providing preventive measures is one of the challenging matters in the world. In order to provide the inexpensive solutions to the voting system, the Finger Print Based Electronic voting machine can be best option. This provides the security by means of finger prints which is stored already in the data base. Then the finger prints which is stored in the data base is checked .Only if both the persons and the voters finger print  are the same then the voting machine is enabled  . This finger print matching is done with the help of sensors. This matching is fed as an input to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller process the signal and then enable the buzzer. Nowadays with the rise in population the need for checking the validity of the voters has become a problem. With the Micro controller based finger print technique the task looks much simpler and also the accuracy is high. So this system provides the cost effective as well as reliable security for the users.

APPICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN FORESTY

REMOTE SENSING:

•      It is the science of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it.

•      This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying that information.

FORESTRY:

    Forests are a valuable resource for:

•      Providing food, shelter, wildlife habitat, fuel and daily supplies such as medicinal ingredients and paper.

•      Balancing the Earth’s CO2    supply and exchange.

•      Depletion of forest resources has long term effects on climate, soil conservation, biodiversity and hydrological regimes.

OBJECTIVES:

•      To consistently and repeatedly monitor forests over large areas, it is desirable to use remote sensing data and automated image analysis techniques.

•      For sustainable forest management.

•      For protection of valuable forest resources.

•      To determine the animal’s life and civilization in the forest.

•      To determine life of the trees and medicinal ingredients .

REMOTE SENSING IN FORESTRY:

•      Several types of remote sensing data, including Aerial photography, Optical Multispectral Scanner, Radar, Lidar (Laser) and Video graphic data have been used by forest research and operational agencies to detect, identify, classify, evaluate and measure various forest cover types and their changes.

•      Remote sensing can detect, identify, classify, evaluate and measure various forest characteristics in two ways:

  

  Qualitative analysis

    Here, remote sensing can classify forest cover types to: coniferous and deciduous forest, mangrove forest, swamp forest, forest plantations, etc.

    Quantitative analysis

    Here remote sensing measures or estimates forest parameters (e.g. height, basal area, number of trees per unite area, timber volume and woody biomass), floristic composition, life forms, and structure.

FORESTRY APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING INCLUDES:

Ø   Reconnaissance mapping

•       Forest cover updating

•       Depletion monitoring

•       Measuring biophysical properties of forest stands

    

Ø  Commercial forestry

•      Clear cut mapping

•      Burn delineation infrastructure mapping

•      Forestry inventory

•      Biomass estimation

•      Species inventory

Ø  Environmental monitoring

    Monitoring the quantity, health and diversity of the earth’s forests.

•      Deforestation

•      Species inventory

•      Watershed protection

•      Coastal protection

BURN MAPPING:

•      Fires spread quickly and threaten settlements and wildlife, eliminate timber supplies and damage conservation areas.

•       Remote sensing help in detecting  and monitoring forest fires.

     Methodology:

·         Passive remote sensing

Ø   Haze and smoke reflect a large amount of energy.

·         Spaceborne remote sensing

Ø  For burn mapping  moderate spatial coverage, high to moderate resolution and a low around time are required.

Ø   Comparing burned areas to active fire areas provides information as to the rate and direction of the movement of the fire.

·         Active sensor

   In humid tropical areas  forest  measurements are difficult to obtain.

   It provides the only feasible source of data and facilitate regular monitoring.

• Airborne sensor

    For detailed species and forest typing   identification, very high resolution data are needed.

    It provides updates to any change in the baseline.

MERITS:

•      Full Coverage of the area in relatively short time

•      Less costs due to reduced sampling intensity (some satellite data are freely available)

•      Visual documentation of the situation and the changes

•      Generation of map data

•      Accessibility of information from terrestrial inaccessible or “difficult to access” areas

•      Increase of national capacity in mapping, monitoring and reporting

•      More harmonized information assessment for the whole country.

MVC pattern

In object oriented Programming follow the MVC rules. Model, View, Controller is relates in this figure. Controller is the common for both Model and View. Which is the function of tranfer data from model to view for display and load data from view to model into database. Model connect to the database and all query written in model to makes class.

MVC architecture of Yii Framework

As mentioned previously, Yii is an MVC framework and it provides an explicit
folder structure for each piece of model, view, and controller code. Before we start
building our first Yii application, we need to define a few key terms, and look at
how Yii implements and enforces this MVC architecture.

The model
Typically in an MVC architecture, the model is responsible for maintaining state.
Thus, it should encapsulate the business rules that apply to the data that defines
this state. A model in Yii is any instance of the framework class CModel or its child
class. A model class typically comprises data attributes that can have separate labels
(something user-friendly for the purpose of display), and can be validated against a
set of rules defined in the model. The data that makes up the attributes in the model
class could come from a row of a database table or from the fields in a user input form.
Yii implements two kinds of models: The form model (CFormModel class) and the
active record model (CActiveRecord class). They both extend from the same base
class CModel. CFormModel represents a data model that collects inputs in HTML
form. It encapsulates all the logic for form field validation and any other business
logic that may need to be applied to the form field data. It can then store this data
in memory, or with the help of an active record model, store data in a database.
Active Record (AR) is a design pattern used to abstract database access in an
object-oriented fashion. Each AR object in Yii is an instance of CActiveRecord or
its child class that wraps a single row in a database table or view, encapsulates all
the logic and details around database access, and houses much of the business logic
that is required to be applied to that data. The data field values for each column in
the table row are represented as properties of the AR object. AR is described in more
detail a little later.

The view
Typically, the view is responsible for rendering the user interface, based on the
data in the model. A view in Yii is a PHP script that contains user interface related
elements, often built using HTML, but can also contain PHP statements. Usually any
PHP statements within the view are very simple conditional or looping statements,
or refer to other Yii UI-related elements such as HTML helper class methods or
prebuilt widgets. More sophisticated logic should be separated from the view and
placed appropriately in either the model (if dealing directly with the data), or in the
controller for a more general business logic.


The controller
The controller is our main director of a routed request and is responsible for taking
user input, interacting with the model, and instructing the view to update and
display appropriately. A controller in Yii is an instance of CController or its child.
When a controller runs, it performs the requested action, which then interacts with
needed models and renders an appropriate view. An action, in its simplest form, is
a controller class method whose name starts with the word action.

Features of Yii framework

Yii is easy 
To run a Yii-powered web application, all you need is the core framework files and
a web server supporting PHP 5.1.0 or higher. To develop with Yii, you only need to
know PHP and object-oriented programming(OOP). You are not required to learn
any new configuration or templating language. Building a Yii application mainly
involves writing and maintaining your own custom PHP classes, some of which
will extend from the core Yii Framework component classes.
Yii incorporates many of the great ideas and work from other well-known web
programming frameworks and applications. So, if you are coming to Yii after
using other web development frameworks, it is likely you will find it familiar
and easy to navigate.
Yii also embraces a convention over configuration philosophy, which contributes to its
ease of use. This means that Yii has sensible defaults for almost all aspects of wiring
your application. If you follow the prescribed conventions, you will write less code
and spend less time developing your application. If desired, Yii allows you to
customize and easily override all of these conventions. We will be covering some
of these defaults and conventions later in this chapter and throughout the book.

Yii is efficient
Yii is a high-performance component-based framework for developing web
applications on any scale. It encourages maximum code reuse in web programming,
and can significantly accelerate the development process. As mentioned previously,
if you stick with Yii's built-in conventions, you can get your application up and
running with little to no manual configuration.
Yii is also designed to help you with DRY development. DRY (Don't Repeat
Yourself) is a key concept of agile application development. All Yii applications
are built using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. Yii enforces
this development pattern by providing a place to keep each piece of your MVC
code. This minimizes duplication and helps promote code reuse and ease of
maintainability. The less code you need to write, the less time it takes to get your
application to market. Similarly, the easier it is to maintain your application, the
longer it will stay on the market.

Yii is extensible 
Yii has been carefully designed to allow nearly every piece of its code to be extended
and customized to meet almost any need or requirement. In fact, it is difficult not to
take advantage of Yii's ease of extensibility as a primary activity when developing a
Yii-driven application, which is extending the core framework classes. If you want
to turn your extended code into useful tools for other developers to use, Yii provides
easy-to-follow steps and guidelines to help you create such third-party extensions.
This allows you to contribute to Yii's ever-growing list of features and actively
participate in extending Yii itself.

Yii framework in php

The past several years have marked a significant 'framework boom', and almost 

everyone involved in web application development these days is a part of a new 

generation of 'framework boomers'. Web development frameworks help jumpstart 

your application by immediately delivering the core foundation and plumbing 

needed to quickly turn your ideas scribbled on the whiteboard into a functional 

and production-ready code. With all of the common features expected from web 

applications today and available framework options that meet these expectations, 

there is little reason to code your next web application from scratch. A modern, 

flexible, and extensible framework is almost as essential a tool as the programming 

language itself to today's web developer. Moreover, when the two are particularly 

complementary, the results are an extremely powerful toolkit: Java and Spring, Ruby 

and Rails, C# and .NET, and PHP and Yii.

Yii is the brainchild of its founder Qiang Xue who started the development of this 

open source framework on January 1st, 2008. Prior to this, Qiang had previously 

developed and maintained the PRADO framework for many years. The years of 

experience and user feedback cultivated from the PRADO project solidified the 

need for a much easier, more extensible and more efficient PHP5-based framework 

to meet the ever-growing needs of application developers. The initial alpha version 

of Yii was officially released to meet these needs in October of 2008. Its extremely 

impressive performance metrics when compared to other PHP-based frameworks 

immediately drew very positive attention. On December 3rd, 2008, Yii 1.0 was 

officially released and as of March 14th, 2010, the latest production-ready version  

is 1.1.2. It has a growing development team and continues to gain popularity among 

PHP developers everyday. We feel that with just a little help from the information 

contained in this book, you will soon understand why.

The name Yii (an acronym for Yes, it is, pronounced as Yee or [ji:]) stands for 

easy, efficient, and extensible. Yii is a high-performance, component-based, web 

application framework written in PHP 5. Yii makes it easier to create and maintain 

large-scale web applications. It also makes them more efficient and extensible. Let's 

take a quick look at each of these characteristics of Yii in turn.

40 days love journey last part

Day 31: Love and marriage

A man shall leave his father and his mother, and be joined to his wife; and they shall become one flesh.

—Genesis 2:24

TODAY’S DARE

Is there a “leaving” issue you haven’t been brave enough to conquer yet? Confess it to your spouse today, and resolve to make it right. The oneness of your marriage is dependent upon it.

Follow this with a commitment to your spouse and to God to make your marriage the top priority over every other human relationship.

Day 32: Love meets sexual needs

The husband must fulfill his duty to his wife, and likewise also the wife to her husband.

—1 Corinthians 7:3

TODAY’S DARE

If at all possible, try to initiate sex with your husband or wife today. Do this in a way that honors what your spouse has told you (or implied to you) about whatthey need from you sexually. Ask God to make this enjoyable for both of you as well as a path to greater intimacy.

Day 33: Love completes each other

 If two lie down together they keep warm, but how can one be warm alone?

—Ecclesiastes 4:11

TODAY’S DARE

Recognize that your spouse is integral to your future success. Let them know today that you desire to include them in your upcoming decisions, and that you need their perspective and counsel. If you have ignored their input in the past, admit your oversight and ask them to

forgive you.

Day 34: Love celebrates godliness

[Love] does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth.

—1 Corinthians 13:6

TODAY’S DARE

Find a specific, recent example when your spouse demonstrated Christian character in a noticeable way. Verbally commend them for this at some point today.

Day 35: Love is Accountable

 Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed.

—Proverbs 15:22 NIV

TODAY’S DARE

Find a marriage mentor—someone who is a strong Christian and who will be honest and loving with you. If you feel that counseling is needed, then take the first step to set up an appointment.

During this process, ask God to direct your decisions and discernment.

Day 36: Love is God’s Word

Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.

—Psalm 119:105

TODAY’S DARE

Commit to reading the Bible every day. Find a devotional book or other resource that will give you some guidance. If your spouse is open to it, see if they will commit to daily Bible reading with you. Begin submitting each area of your life to its guidance and start building on the rock.

Day 37: Love agrees in Prayer

 If two of you agree on earth about anything that they may ask, it shall be done for them by My Father.

—Matthew 18:19

TODAY’S DARE

Ask your spouse if you can begin praying together. Talk about the best time to do this, whether it’s in the morning, your lunch hour, or before bedtime. Use this time to commit your concerns, disagreements, and needs before the Lord. Don’t forget to thank Him for His provision and blessing. Even if your spouse refuses to do this, resolve to spend this daily time in prayer

yourself.

Day 38: Love fulfills Dreams

 Delight yourself in the Lord; and He will give you the desires of your heart.

—Psalm 37:4

TODAY’S DARE

Ask yourself what your mate would want if it was obtainable. Commit this to prayer, and start mapping out a plan for meeting some (if not all) of their desires, to whatever level you possibly can.

Day 39: Love endures

Love never fails. 

—1 Corinthians 13:8

TODAY’S DARE

Spend time in personal prayer, then write a letter of commitment and resolve to your spouse. Include why you are committing to this marriage until death, and that you have purposed to love themno matter what. Leave it in a place that your mate will find it.

Day 40: Love is a covenant

Where you go, I will go, and where you lodge, I will lodge. Your people shall be my people, and your God, my God. 

—Ruth 1:16

TODAY’S DARE

Write out a renewal of your vows and place them in your home. Perhaps, if appropriate, you could make arrangements to formally renew your wedding vows before a minister and with family present. Make it a living testament to the value of marriage in God’s eyes and the high honor of being one with your mate.